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Cognitive Drill Therapy


Cognitive Drill Therapy

Core Concepts and Techniques of Cognitive Drill

Check Your Magical Thinking: In magical thinking you tend to believe that your thoughts have power to cause an effect in external environment. You tend to think that thinking has power equivalent to Mantra. That is, if you think in certain way, then there will be corresponding changes in the world. For example, if you are troubled with the word ‘ruin’ then due to magical thinking you may think that by having this idea in your mind, there can be actual ruin in your family, your kith and kin. It is not so. If I give you an assignment of thinking in certain way and ask you to kill fatal virus of the external environment, then no amount of your thinking can do so. Think along similar lines to check if your thoughts actually have any such power to destroy virus, mosquitoes and many other harmful things. No. It cannot be.
Your Empowerment: Through in person training of cognitive drill and through this self-help book you shall get empowered to apply cognitive drill as and when required and it would take only a few minutes mostly less than 10 minutes. Through this application you feel confident and at ease and develop an attitude that you can handle your OCD triggers effectively. This means, you may continue to have OCD spike but you will learn to take over the charge of such spike within minutes by applying the methods. You will not need any instrument, gadgets or any object to do so. It will be a purely mental application which you can do secretly even in public places and overcome your OCD spikes.
In the process of its application, many of your triggers will lose their power as OCD spike and you will not need to apply these methods.
Gradual Reductions in Applications: In the process of learning you will be required to spend about 1-2 hours per day for nullifying the anxiety potentials and this application will effectively switch off anxiety from several triggers. With passage of time, approximately after 10-15 days you will feel lesser and lesser need to apply the cognitive drill methods. The application time will get reduced to 10-20 minutes per day.
Range of Triggers: A trigger can be anything in the external world, in your body and even in your mind which has potentials to get associated with anxiety and discomfort. I am giving some additional examples of Triggers – a dirty clothe, fecal matter, sensations in your body, and thoughts of devastation and so on.
Law of Anxiety: If you are exposed to a Trigger and you are prevented from getting engaged in compulsive acts, then anxiety follows a defined pattern which is as follows: Activation of anxiety ├а rising anxiety to the peak, its maximum heights ├а staying of anxiety at peak level for some time ├а a declining course of anxiety from high to medium ├а reduction of anxiety to low level ├а Zero anxiety. If we plot this pattern of anxiety on a graph it will yield a bell shaped curve. You should pause here, re-read it, note this point in your diary and retain this concept in your mind. This will be used many times in the course of the application of cognitive drill.
Law of Habituation: If you are continuously exposed to anxiety provoking Trigger without your involvement in compulsive act, the anxiety will tend to decline and the trigger will gradually lose its anxiety potentials. The Trigger will no longer trouble you. Your mind will become comfortable, at ease and habitual to the Trigger. Think of a situation, when you visit your relations who stay near a railway line. Your sleep gets disturbed because of the noise of passing by trains. But your relations are quite comfortable and they may even not notice the noise of a passing by train. How it happens with them? Initially they were also troubled by the noise, but because of repeated exposure to train noise, their mind adapted with the situation and lost its power to trouble them. If you stay in such house for a few days, then similar thing will happen with you also because of the Law of Habituation.
Multi-modality Involvement: When a trigger troubles you and activates anxiety in you, it means you are likely to experience anxiety in following manner of exposure to that Trigger – (a) by looking at the Trigger (b) by speaking about the Trigger (c) by thinking about the Trigger (d) by touching the Trigger (e) by writing about the trigger (f) in anticipation of the exposure to Trigger. Now try to introspect and examine if above manners of exposure to the Trigger activates anxiety and discomfort in you.
If there is an involvement of multiple-modalities in anxiety response, then reduction of anxiety in one modality will tend to reduce anxiety in all other modalities too. For example, if you are merely looking at a Trigger for extended period of time and it reduces your anxiety, then the reduction in anxiety through your visual inspection will have similar positive effects on anxiety reduction in other modalities of touching, thinking, speaking, writing and so on.
Measuring Severity of Anxiety Response: The anxiety can be subjectively measured in various ways. (1) Giving numbers out of 10 to the severity of anxiety. Imagine 2-3 Triggers monitor your anxiety and discomfort and rate it on a 10 point scale where zero is no anxiety and 10 is the highest anxiety. This measurement is quite helpful and would be used to chart your anxiety level at various points. (2) Simple rating of the anxiety in terms of (a) no anxiety, (b) low anxiety (c) medium anxiety (d) high anxiety (e) very high anxiety. This measurement scale is more useful and I would be invoking it several times during your in-person training and this self-help work up.
Law of Tense Conversion: Anxiety and discomfort has a future orientation and there is a primary usage of Future Tense in one’s private internal talk related to OCD Triggers. This perpetually activates center A in the brain. According to this Law of Tense Conversion, a person with OCD is required to convert the statements of Future Tense into Present Tense or Past Tense. For example, if I touch a door knob I shall get dirty. This is an OCD statement. This statement can be converted into past tense by saying it as “I have touched the door knob and I have become dirty”. “I am touching the door knob and now I am dirty”. Most future oriented statements can conveniently be converted into Past or Present statements. I shall be demonstrating you how to do that.
Now pause for a moment and think along with me. When you speak a future tense statement, it activates center A in the brain. When you convert such statements into past or present and repeat the converted statements several times to yourself, then these converted statements activate alternative brain centers relevant to past and present. The center A gradually learns to rest in peace and your internal dialogue is delivered to the centers of Past and Present in the brain. The two centers B and C responsible for Past and Present are not associated with OCD or anxiety response. There will be a major shift in the activation pattern of your brain circuits leading to large improvements in your OCD response. Please remember, I am not prohibiting the use of future tense in your life and vocabulary. It is only selective conversion of Trigger related future tense statements. I shall be elucidating it through several case studies and examples.

The Concept of Drill: For the purposes of this program, drill is the bulk repetition of a statement within a short period of time. In drill you would be required to repeat a statement several times within a period of about 5-10 minutes in your imagination, writing or speaking. For example, continuous repetition of following statement for about 5 minutes – I have touched the door knob, now I am dirty; I have touched the door knob, now I am dirty;
I have touched the door knob, now I am dirty; I have touched the door knob, now I am dirty; I have touched the door knob, now I am dirty; I have touched the door knob, now I am dirty; I have touched the door knob, now I am dirty; and so on. I label such repetition of statements either to yourself, speaking before me or writing on a piece of paper as Cognitive Drill.

Keyword Cognitive Drill: After some practicing cognitive drill for some time, I would introduce to a time saver and more effective advancement of drill which I label as Keyword Cognitive Drill (KCD). In this KCD, I would give you only the key words related to the statements associated with OCD Triggers and ask you to repeat for a few minutes usually less than 10 minutes. For example, door knob, dirty; door knob, dirty; door knob, dirty; door knob, dirty; door knob, dirty; door knob, dirty; door knob, dirty; door knob, dirty; door knob, dirty; door knob, dirty. This can be viewed as a telegraphic language or Google Search Key Words. This KCD is quite powerful and saves lots of time. The pattern of anxiety rise and fall is the same with KCD as with full converted statements.
Mixed Model of Cognitive Drill: With practice, I will teach you to adopt a mixture of full cognitive drill and keyword cognitive drill. That means, sometime you will be using full converted statements as drill and at other time, you will be focusing only on keywords for drill.
The Concept of Physical/ Practical Verification: In Exposure & Response Prevention (ERP) it is recommended that you come into contact with the Triggers and then simply wait for reduction in anxiety level. Each successive contact with the Trigger should progressively reduce the anxiety level. The exposure in such a manner leads to normalization of anxiety response to the exposed Trigger.
In contrast to that, in cognitive drill the primary modality is to reduce the anxiety at psychological level. Once there is a significant reduction in the anxiety at mental level, actual contact with the Trigger is encouraged to see if actual contact to the Trigger still activates anxiety response. This is called practical verification. You will have pleasant surprise that after processing a Trigger through cognitive drill, it no longer activates anxiety response upon practical verification. So the recommended approach is to process the Trigger through Cognitive Drill and then do a practical verification. If any anxiety is left on practical verification; then once again repeat the cognitive drill for the Trigger. Therefore, actual physical contact with a Trigger is not required for cognitive drill unless there is a specific form of OCD called as Predominantly Compulsive Type. The cognitive drill by itself has potentials to decrease anxiety and discomfort even on practical level.

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Hindi

рд╕ंрдЬ्рдЮाрдиाрдд्рдордХ рдб्рд░िрд▓ рдеेрд░ेрдкी


рдХॉрдЧ्рдиिрдЯिрд╡ рдб्рд░िрд▓ рдХी рдоुрдЦ्рдп рдЕрд╡рдзाрд░рдгाрдПं рдФрд░ рддрдХрдиीрдХें


рдЕрдкрдиी рдЬाрджुрдИ рд╕ोрдЪ рдХी рдЬाँрдЪ рдХрд░ें: рдЬाрджुрдИ рд╕ोрдЪ рдоें рдЖрдк рдпрд╣ рдоाрдирддे рд╣ैं рдХि рдЖрдкрдХे рд╡िрдЪाрд░ों рдоें рдмाрд╣рд░ी рд╡ाрддाрд╡рд░рдг рдоें рдк्рд░рднाрд╡ рдкैрджा рдХрд░рдиे рдХी рд╢рдХ्рддि рд╣ै। рдЖрдк рд╕ोрдЪрддे рд╣ैं рдХि рд╡िрдЪाрд░ рдоें рдоंрдд्рд░ рдХे рд╕рдоाрди рд╢рдХ्рддि рд╣ै। рдпाрдиी рдЕрдЧрд░ рдЖрдк рдПрдХ рдЦाрд╕ рддрд░рд╣ рд╕े рд╕ोрдЪेंрдЧे рддो рджुрдиिрдпा рдоें рдЗрд╕рдХे рдЕрдиुрд░ूрдк рдмрджрд▓ाрд╡ рд╣ोंрдЧे। рдЙрджाрд╣рд░рдг рдХे рд▓िрдП, рдпрджि рдЖрдк 'рдмрд░्рдмाрдж' рд╢рдм्рдж рд╕े рдкрд░ेрд╢ाрди рд╣ैं рддो рдЬाрджुрдИ рд╕ोрдЪ рдХे рдХाрд░рдг рдЖрдк рд╕ोрдЪ рд╕рдХрддे рд╣ैं рдХि рдЖрдкрдХे рджिрдоाрдЧ рдоें рдпрд╣ рд╡िрдЪाрд░ рд░рдЦрдиे рд╕े рдЖрдкрдХे рдкрд░िрд╡ाрд░, рдЖрдкрдХे рд░िрд╢्рддेрджाрд░ों рдФрд░ рд░िрд╢्рддेрджाрд░ों рдоें рд╡ाрд╕्рддрд╡िрдХ рдмрд░्рдмाрджी рд╣ो рд╕рдХрддी рд╣ै। рдПрд╕ा рдирд╣ी рд╣ै। рдЕрдЧрд░ рдоैं рдЖрдкрдХो рдПрдХ рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрдд рддрд░ीрдХे рд╕े рд╕ोрдЪрдиे рдХा рдХाрдо рджेрддा рд╣ूं рдФрд░ рдЖрдкрд╕े рдмाрд╣рд░ी рд╡ाрддाрд╡рд░рдг рдХे рдШाрддрдХ рд╡ाрдпрд░рд╕ рдХो рдоाрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдХрд╣рддा рд╣ूं, рддो рдЖрдкрдХी рдХोрдИ рднी рд╕ोрдЪ рдРрд╕ा рдирд╣ीं рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддी рд╣ै। рдпрд╣ рдЬांрдЪрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдЗрд╕ी рддрд░рд╣ рдХी рдкंрдХ्рддिрдпों рдХे рд╕ाрде рд╕ोрдЪें рдХि рдХ्рдпा рдЖрдкрдХे рд╡िрдЪाрд░ों рдоें рд╡ाрд╕्рддрд╡ рдоें рд╡ाрдпрд░рд╕, рдордЪ्рдЫрд░ों рдФрд░ рдХрдИ рдЕрди्рдп рд╣ाрдиिрдХाрд░рдХ рдЪीрдЬों рдХो рдирд╖्рдЯ рдХрд░рдиे рдХी рдХोрдИ рд╢рдХ्рддि рд╣ै। рдирд╣ीं, рдпрд╣ рдирд╣ीं рд╣ो рд╕рдХрддा।

рдЖрдкрдХा рд╕рд╢рдХ्рддिрдХрд░рдг: рд╕ंрдЬ्рдЮाрдиाрдд्рдордХ рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕ рдХे рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддिрдЧрдд рдк्рд░рд╢िрдХ्рд╖рдг рдХे рдоाрдз्рдпрдо рд╕े рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕ рд╕्рд╡рдпं рд╕рд╣ाрдпрддा рдкुрд╕्рддрдХ рдХे рдоाрдз्рдпрдо рд╕े рдЖрдкрдХो рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХрддा рдкрдб़рдиे рдкрд░ рд╕ंрдЬ्рдЮाрдиाрдд्рдордХ рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕ рд▓ाрдЧू рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рд╕рд╢рдХ्рдд рдмрдиाрдпा рдЬाрдПрдЧा рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕рдоें рдХेрд╡рд▓ рдХुрдЫ рдоिрдирдЯ рд▓рдЧेंрдЧे, рдЬ्рдпाрджाрддрд░ 10 рдоिрдирдЯ рд╕े рдХрдо। рдЗрд╕ рдПрдк्рд▓िрдХेрд╢рди рдХे рдоाрдз्рдпрдо рд╕े рдЖрдк рдЖрдд्рдорд╡िрд╢्рд╡ाрд╕ рдФрд░ рдЖрд░ाрдо рдорд╣рд╕ूрд╕ рдХрд░рддे рд╣ैं рдФрд░ рдПрдХ рджृрд╖्рдЯिрдХोрдг рд╡िрдХрд╕िрдд рдХрд░рддे рд╣ैं рдХि рдЖрдк рдЕрдкрдиे рдУрд╕ीрдбी рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░्рд╕ рдХो рдк्рд░рднाрд╡ी рдвंрдЧ рд╕े рд╕ंрднाрд▓ рд╕рдХрддे рд╣ैं। рдЗрд╕рдХा рдорддрд▓рдм рд╣ै, рдЖрдкрдХे рдкाрд╕ рдУрд╕ीрдбी рд╕्рдкाрдЗрдХ рдЬाрд░ी рд░рд╣ рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै рд▓ेрдХिрди рдЖрдк рддрд░ीрдХों рдХो рд▓ाрдЧू рдХрд░рдХे рдоिрдирдЯों рдХे рднीрддрд░ рдЗрд╕ рддрд░рд╣ рдХे рд╕्рдкाрдЗрдХ рдХा рдк्рд░рднाрд░ рд▓ेрдиा рд╕ीрдЦेंрдЧे। рдРрд╕ा рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдЖрдкрдХो рдХिрд╕ी рдЙрдкрдХрд░рдг, рдЧैрдЬेрдЯ рдпा рдХिрд╕ी рд╡рд╕्рддु рдХी рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХрддा рдирд╣ीं рд╣ोрдЧी। рдпрд╣ рдПрдХ рд╡िрд╢ुрдж्рдз рд░ूрдк рд╕े рдоाрдирд╕िрдХ рдЕрдиुрдк्рд░рдпोрдЧ рд╣ोрдЧा рдЬिрд╕े рдЖрдк рд╕ाрд░्рд╡рдЬрдиिрдХ рд╕्рдеाрдиों рдкрд░ рднी рдЧुрдк्рдд рд░ूрдк рд╕े рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддे рд╣ैं рдФрд░ рдЕрдкрдиे рдУрд╕ीрдбी рд╕्рдкाрдЗрдХ्рд╕ рдХो рджूрд░ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддे рд╣ैं।

рдЗрд╕рдХे рдЖрд╡ेрджрди рдХी рдк्рд░рдХ्рд░िрдпा рдоें, рдЖрдкрдХे рдХрдИ рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░ рдУрд╕ीрдбी рд╕्рдкाрдЗрдХ рдХे рд░ूрдк рдоें рдЕрдкрдиी рд╢рдХ्рддि рдЦो рджेंрдЧे рдФрд░ рдЖрдкрдХो рдЗрди рд╡िрдзिрдпों рдХो рд▓ाрдЧू рдХрд░рдиे рдХी рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХрддा рдирд╣ीं рд╣ोрдЧी।

рдЕрдиुрдк्рд░рдпोрдЧों рдоें рдзीрд░े-рдзीрд░े рдХрдоी: рд╕ीрдЦрдиे рдХी рдк्рд░рдХ्рд░िрдпा рдоें рдЖрдкрдХो рдЪिंрддा рдХ्рд╖рдорддा рдХो рдХрдо рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдк्рд░рддि рджिрди рд▓рдЧрднрдЧ 1-2 рдШंрдЯे рдЦрд░्рдЪ рдХрд░рдиे рдХी рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХрддा рд╣ोрдЧी рдФрд░ рдпрд╣ рдПрдк्рд▓िрдХेрд╢рди рдХрдИ рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░्рд╕ рд╕े рдЪिंрддा рдХो рдк्рд░рднाрд╡ी рдвंрдЧ рд╕े рдмंрдж рдХрд░ рджेрдЧा। рд╕рдордп рдмीрддрдиे рдХे рд╕ाрде, рд▓рдЧрднрдЧ 10-15 рджिрдиों рдХे рдмाрдж рдЖрдкрдХो рд╕ंрдЬ्рдЮाрдиाрдд्рдордХ рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕ рд╡िрдзिрдпों рдХो рд▓ाрдЧू рдХрд░рдиे рдХी рдХрдо рдФрд░ рдХрдо рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХрддा рдорд╣рд╕ूрд╕ рд╣ोрдЧी। рдЖрд╡ेрджрди рдХा рд╕рдордп рдШрдЯрдХрд░ 10-20 рдоिрдирдЯ рдк्рд░рддि рджिрди рд╣ो рдЬाрдПрдЧा।

рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░्рд╕ рдХी рд░ेंрдЬ: рдПрдХ рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░ рдмाрд╣рд░ी рджुрдиिрдпा рдоें, рдЖрдкрдХे рд╢рд░ीрд░ рдоें рдФрд░ рдпрд╣ां рддрдХ ​​рдХि рдЖрдкрдХे рджिрдоाрдЧ рдоें рднी рдХुрдЫ рднी рд╣ो рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै рдЬिрд╕рдоें рдЪिंрддा рдФрд░ рдкрд░ेрд╢ाрдиी рд╕े рдЬुрдб़े рд╣ोрдиे рдХी рдХ्рд╖рдорддा рд╣ोрддी рд╣ै। рдоैं рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░्рд╕ рдХे рдХुрдЫ рдЕрддिрд░िрдХ्рдд рдЙрджाрд╣рд░рдг рджे рд░рд╣ा рд╣ूं - рдПрдХ рдЧंрджा рдХрдкрдб़ा, рдорд▓ рдкрджाрд░्рде, рдЖрдкрдХे рд╢рд░ीрд░ рдоें рд╕ंрд╡ेрджрдиाрдПं, рдФрд░ рд╡िрдиाрд╢ рдХे рд╡िрдЪाрд░ рдЖрджि।

рдЪिंрддा рдХा рдиिрдпрдо: рдпрджि рдЖрдк рдПрдХ рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░ рдХे рд╕ंрдкрд░्рдХ рдоें рд╣ैं рдФрд░ рдЖрдкрдХो рдмाрдз्рдпрдХाрд░ी рдХृрдд्рдпों рдоें рд╢ाрдоिрд▓ рд╣ोрдиे рд╕े рд░ोрдХा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै, рддो рдЪिंрддा рдПрдХ рдкрд░िрднाрд╖िрдд рдкैрдЯрд░्рди рдХा рдЕрдиुрд╕рд░рдг рдХрд░рддी рд╣ै рдЬो рдЗрд╕ рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ рд╣ै: рдЪिंрддा рдХा рд╕рдХ्рд░िрдпрдг - рдЪрд░рдо рдкрд░ рдЪिंрддा рдХा рдмрдв़рдиा, рдЗрд╕рдХी рдЕрдзिрдХрддрдо рдКंрдЪाрдИ - рдЪिंрддा рдХा рд░рд╣рдиा рдХुрдЫ рд╕рдордп рдХे рд▓िрдП рдЪрд░рдо рд╕्рддрд░ рдкрд░ - рдЪिंрддा рдХा рдЙрдЪ्рдЪ рд╕े рдордз्рдпрдо рд╕्рддрд░ рддрдХ рдЧिрд░рдиा - рдЪिंрддा рдХा рдиिрдо्рди рд╕्рддрд░ рддрдХ рдХрдо рд╣ोрдиा - рд╢ूрди्рдп рдЪिंрддा। рдпрджि рд╣рдо рдЪिंрддा рдХे рдЗрд╕ рдкैрдЯрд░्рди рдХो рдПрдХ рдЧ्рд░ाрдл рдкрд░ рдЪिрдд्рд░िрдд рдХрд░рддे рд╣ैं рддो рдпрд╣ рдПрдХ рдШंрдЯी рдХे рдЖрдХाрд░ рдХा рд╡рдХ्рд░ рдк्рд░ाрдк्рдд рдХрд░ेрдЧा। рдЖрдкрдХो рдпрд╣ां рд░ुрдХрдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП, рдЗрд╕े рдлिрд░ рд╕े рдкрдв़рдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП, рдЗрд╕ рдмिंрджु рдХो рдЕрдкрдиी рдбाрдпрд░ी рдоें рдиोрдЯ рдХрд░рдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕ рдЕрд╡рдзाрд░рдгा рдХो рдЕрдкрдиे рджिрдоाрдЧ рдоें рд░рдЦрдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП। рд╕ंрдЬ्рдЮाрдиाрдд्рдордХ рдЕрдн्рдпाрд╕ рдХे рдк्рд░рдпोрдЧ рдХे рджौрд░ाрди рдЗрд╕рдХा рдХрдИ рдмाрд░ рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧ рдХिрдпा рдЬाрдПрдЧा।

рдЖрджрдд рдХा рдиिрдпрдо: рдпрджि рдЖрдк рдмाрдз्рдпрдХाрд░ी рдХाрд░्рдп рдоें рд╢ाрдоिрд▓ рд╣ुрдП рдмिрдиा рд▓рдЧाрддाрд░ рдЪिंрддा-рдЙрдд्рддेрдЬрдХ рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░ рдХे рд╕ंрдкрд░्рдХ рдоें рд╣ैं, рддो рдЪिंрддा рдХрдо рд╣ो рдЬाрдПрдЧी рдФрд░ рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░ рдзीрд░े-рдзीрд░े рдЕрдкрдиी рдЪिंрддा рдХ्рд╖рдорддा рдЦो рджेрдЧा। рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░ рдЕрдм рдЖрдкрдХो рдкрд░ेрд╢ाрди рдирд╣ीं рдХрд░ेрдЧा। рдЖрдкрдХा рдорди рд╕рд╣рдЬ, рд╕рд╣рдЬ рдФрд░ рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░ рдХे рдЕрдн्рдпрд╕्рдд рд╣ो рдЬाрдПрдЧा। рдПрдХ рдРрд╕ी рд╕्рдеिрддि рдХे рдмाрд░े рдоें рд╕ोрдЪिрдП, рдЬрдм рдЖрдк рд░ेрд▓рд╡े рд▓ाрдЗрди рдХे рдкाрд╕ рд░рд╣рдиे рд╡ाрд▓े рдЕрдкрдиे рд░िрд╢्рддेрджाрд░ों рд╕े рдоिрд▓рдиे рдЬाрддे рд╣ैं। рдЯ्рд░ेрдиों рдХे рдЧुрдЬрд░рдиे рдХे рд╢ोрд░ рд╕े рдЖрдкрдХी рдиींрдж рдЦрд░ाрдм рд╣ो рдЬाрддी рд╣ै। рд▓ेрдХिрди рдЖрдкрдХे рд╕ंрдмंрдз рдХाрдлी рд╕рд╣рдЬ рд╣ैं рдФрд░ рд╣ो рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै рдХि рдЙрди्рд╣ें рдЯ्рд░ेрди рдХे рдЧुрдЬрд░рдиे рдХे рд╢ोрд░ рдХी рднрдирдХ рднी рди рд▓рдЧे। рдЙрдирдХे рд╕ाрде рдРрд╕ा рдХैрд╕े рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै? рд╢ुрд░ू рдоें рд╡े рднी рд╢ोрд░ рд╕े рдкрд░ेрд╢ाрди рдеे, рд▓ेрдХिрди рдЯ्рд░ेрди рдХे рд╢ोрд░ рдХे рдмाрд░-рдмाрд░ рд╕ंрдкрд░्рдХ рдоें рдЖрдиे рдХे рдХाрд░рдг, рдЙрдирдХा рджिрдоाрдЧ рд╕्рдеिрддि рдХे рдЕрдиुрдХूрд▓ рд╣ो рдЧрдпा рдФрд░ рдЙрди्рд╣ें рдкрд░ेрд╢ाрди рдХрд░рдиे рдХी рд╢рдХ्рддि рдЦो рджी। рдЕрдЧрд░ рдЖрдк рдХुрдЫ рджिрдиों рдХे рд▓िрдП рдРрд╕े рдШрд░ рдоें рд░рд╣рддे рд╣ैं, рддो рдЖрдкрдХे рд╕ाрде рднी рдРрд╕ा рд╣ी рдХुрдЫ рдЖрджрдд рдХे рдиिрдпрдо рдХे рдХाрд░рдг рд╣ोрдЧा।

рдорд▓्рдЯी-рдоोрдбрд▓िрдЯी рднाрдЧीрджाрд░ी: рдЬрдм рдХोрдИ рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░ рдЖрдкрдХो рдкрд░ेрд╢ाрди рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै рдФрд░ рдЖрдк рдоें рдЪिंрддा рдХो рд╕рдХ्рд░िрдп рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै, рддो рдЗрд╕рдХा рдорддрд▓рдм рд╣ै рдХि рдЖрдкрдХो рдЙрд╕ рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░ рдХे рд╕ंрдкрд░्рдХ рдоें рдЖрдиे рдХे рдиिрдо्рдирд▓िрдЦिрдд рддрд░ीрдХे рд╕े рдЪिंрддा рдХा рдЕрдиुрднрд╡ рд╣ोрдиे рдХी рд╕ंрднाрд╡рдиा рд╣ै - (рдП) рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░ рдХो рджेрдЦрдХрд░ (рдмी) рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░ рдХे рдмाрд░े рдоें рдмोрд▓рдХрд░ ( c) рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░ рдХे рдмाрд░े рдоें рд╕ोрдЪрдХрд░ (d) рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░ рдХो рдЫूрдХрд░ (e) рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░ рдХे рдмाрд░े рдоें рд▓िрдЦрдХрд░ (f) рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░ рдХे рд╕ंрдкрд░्рдХ рдоें рдЖрдиे рдХी рдк्рд░рдд्рдпाрд╢ा рдоें। рдЕрдм рдЖрдд्рдордиिрд░ीрдХ्рд╖рдг рдХрд░рдиे рдХा рдк्рд░рдпाрд╕ рдХрд░ें рдФрд░ рдЬांрдЪ рдХрд░ें рдХि рдХ्рдпा рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░ рдХे рд╕ंрдкрд░्рдХ рдоें рдЖрдиे рдХे рдЙрдкрд░ोрдХ्рдд рддрд░ीрдХे рдЖрдк рдоें рдЪिंрддा рдФрд░ рдмेрдЪैрдиी рдХो рд╕рдХ्рд░िрдп рдХрд░рддे рд╣ैं।

рдпрджि рдЪिंрддा рдк्рд░рддिрдХ्рд░िрдпा рдоें рдмрд╣ु-рд╡िрдзिрдпों рдХी рднाрдЧीрджाрд░ी рд╣ै, рддो рдПрдХ рддрд░ीрдХे рдоें рдЪिंрддा рдХी рдХрдоी рдЕрди्рдп рд╕рднी рддौрд░-рддрд░ीрдХों рдоें рднी рдЪिंрддा рдХो рдХрдо рдХрд░ेрдЧी। рдЙрджाрд╣рд░рдг рдХे рд▓िрдП, рдпрджि рдЖрдк рдХेрд╡рд▓ рдПрдХ рдЯ्рд░िрдЧрд░ рдХो рд╡िрд╕्рддाрд░िрдд рдЕрд╡рдзि рдХे рд▓िрдП рджेрдЦ рд░рд╣े рд╣ैं рдФрд░ рдпрд╣ рдЖрдкрдХी рдЪिंрддा рдХो рдХрдо рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै, рддो рдЖрдкрдХे рджृрд╢्рдп рдиिрд░ीрдХ्рд╖рдг рдХे рдоाрдз्рдпрдо рд╕े рдЪिंрддा рдоें рдХрдоी рдХा рд╕्рдкрд░्рд╢, рд╕ोрдЪрдиे, рдмोрд▓рдиे, рд▓िрдЦрдиे рдХे рдЕрди्рдп рддрд░ीрдХों рдоें рдЪिंрддा рдоें рдХрдоी рдкрд░ рд╕рдоाрди рд╕рдХाрд░ाрдд्рдордХ рдк्рд░рднाрд╡ рдкрдб़ेрдЧा।

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